Molecular characterization and phylogenetic assessment of agricultural-related noctuids (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of South America

ABSTRACT Accurate identification of species is fundamental to every biological research. While morphological identification is a time-consuming and skilled technique, straightforward molecular techniques require the availability of a database of previously sequenced and identified specimens. For most countries of South America, species of noctuids with available sequences are scarce, mostly restricted to species of economic importance, making molecular identification untenable. Here we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA 'barcode' region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of 34 specimens pertaining to 26 species of South American noctuids, 20 of these for the first time. For all species, genetic distances were higher for interspecific than for intraspecific relations, supporting the utility of DNA 'barcodes' to identify species. Larger intraspecific divergences occurred in species of Agrotis and Anicla, and interspecific divergences lower than 2% occurred in about one fifth of the species, all in species of Agrotis, Feltia, and Anicla. These results will allow identifying these species using DNA 'barcodes', either for pest management or general biological studies. Furthermore, we carried out phylogenetic analyses with those sequences and 158 other sequences of 85 species of noctuids mined from GenBank. These analyses, in every case, grouped species of the same genus suggesting that the DNA 'barcodes' region alone can be useful for lower level phylogeny in this group, recovering as monophyletic groups such as Copitarsia, Agrotis and Austrandesiita. Conversely, groups such as Mythimna (Mythimna) and the subgenera of Feltia were not recovered as monophyletic, suggesting the need for further taxonomic studies in these groups.

Insect (Hexapoda) diversity in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: updated taxonomic checklist and new records

ABSTRACT Hexapods, commonly known as insects, are a neglected taxonomic group in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, with unanswered questions about their species richness and the ecological processes in which they are involved (e.g., colonization, introduction, establishment, and extinction). Herein, we provide an updated Hexapod checklist with current nomenclatural combinations. The entomofauna of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago is currently composed of 453 species in 21 orders. The orders, and their respective number of species, are: Blattaria (9), Coleoptera (118), Collembola (29), Dermaptera (3), Diplura (1), Diptera (134), Embioptera (1), Hemiptera (29), Hymenoptera (59), Isoptera (2), Lepidoptera (25), Mantodea (1), Neuroptera (3), Odonata (5), Orthoptera (11), Phasmatodea (1), Phthiraptera (6), Psocoptera (3), Siphonaptera (1), Thysanoptera (10), and Zygentoma (2). The archipelago has 263 new taxon records (family + genera + species). Thirty-eight species (3.39%) were described from local specimens and most of them are likely endemic species. This study more than doubles our knowledge (from the previous 190 records) of the entomofauna in this large Brazilian archipelago. This study also provides a baseline for studies on its conservation status and for implementing future environmental management programs.

Interseasonal variation of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations in the Brazilian Savanna

Abstract Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) is currently the main plusiine pest in the Americas, not only because of the damage caused to soybean, but also with several crop species in a broad geographical range. However, its population dynamics is still poorly understood, despite outbreak records that are common across different locations in the Americas. The current study aimed at identifying phenological patterns of C. includens emphasizing its differences among the three years of sampling effort in an intercropping area of the Brazilian Savanna. Thereafter, we tested whether the El Niño size effect, meteorological factors, or soybean, corn and wheat cycles, are better predictors of its monthly abundance. The insects were collected with a light trap during five consecutive nights (repetitions) during 35 new moons. In total, 2026 specimens were collected in all months of the year although not consecutively. Across each year, monthly abundance of C. includens was non-uniform, characterized by sharp population peaks concentrated in the rainy season. These peaks varied from January until March, depending on the year sampled. We found that the local soybean cycle and El Niño effect to significantly influence the species abundance across the entire period of study. These results aid in understanding the species population dynamics and its status as a pest, providing evidence of factors that determine its phenological patterns. Although it presents a very defined phenology, the population dynamics of C. includens varies significantly between years and locations, which demonstrates the importance and need to monitor local populations of larvae and adults for its management.

Immature stages of Temenis laothoe meridionalis Ebert (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae)

ABSTRACT The external morphology and life cycle of the immature stages of Temenis laothoe meridionalis Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae), associated with Serjania laruotteana (Sapindaceae) in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, are described and illustrated with photographs and images from scanning electron microscopy. Special aspects of the external morphology are compared to the immature stages of other species of Biblidinae.

External morphology of immature stages of Zaretis strigosus (Gmelin) and Siderone galanthis catarina Dottax and Pierre comb. nov., with taxonomic notes on Siderone (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)

ABSTRACT The external morphology of immature stages of Zaretis strigosus (Gmelin, [1790]) and Siderone galanthis catarina Dottax and Pierre, 2009 comb. nov. from southern Brazil are described. Additionally, morphology of the adults and sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase, subunit I, were analyzed in order to evaluate the taxonomy of Siderone galanthis Hübner, [1823]. Immatures were collected on Casearia sylvestris (Salicaceae) in Curitiba, Paraná, and Balneário Barra do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and reared at the laboratory. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided, based on observations through stereoscopic and optic microscopes attached to camera lucida; results are compared and discussed and immature stages of some other species of Charaxinae. The results indicates that the morphology of the immature stages of the studied species differ greatly from other Anaeini, representing a distinct lineage of leafwings butterflies. Morphology and molecular evidence indicate that S. nemesis mexicana Dottax and Pierre, 2009 and S. nemesis catarina Dottax and Pierre, 2009 are conspecific with S. galanthis (Cramer, 1775); additionally, S. thebais C. Felder and R. Felder 1862, S. nemesis var. confluens Staudinger, 1887, S. nemesis f. leonora Bargmann, 1928 and S. nemesis f. exacta Bargmann, 1929 are synonymized with S. galanthis galanthis (Cramer, 1775).

Immature stages of Hamadryas fornax fornax (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae)

ABSTRACT The external morphology and biology of the immature stages of Hamadryas fornax fornax (Hübner, [1823]) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae) recorded on Dalechampia triphylla (Euphorbiaceae) in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil are described. Morphological characters are illustrated and described, as a result of observations in scanning electron, stereoscope and optical microscopes, the last two attached to a camera lucida. Results are compared and discussed with immature stages of other species of Biblidinae.

Taxonomic review of Gallio Evans, 1955 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae): one less monotypic genus of Moncini

ABSTRACT Moncini is the tribe of Hesperiidae that comprises the greatest diversity of small, brown, hard to identify skippers. The group is peculiarly classified as having many monotypic genera, thus offering low informative value to its systematics. This study presents a review of the genus Gallio Evans, 1955, a genus formerly recognized as monotypic, and describes three new species, Gallio imperatriz sp. nov. from Maranhão, Brazil, Gallio furtadoi sp. nov. from Mato Grosso, Brazil and Gallio eti sp. nov. from Madre de Díos, Peru and Acre, Brazil (type locality). A lectotype for Vehilius carasta Schaus, 1902 is designated. Gallio is therefore redescribed and illustrations and diagnosis to its species are provided.

A new species of Aguna Williams (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Panamá belonging to the “claxon group”

ABSTRACT A new species of Aguna Williams, 1927 from Panamá is described: Aguna prasinus Siewert, Leviski, Mielke & Casagrande, sp. nov. Illustrations of adults and male genitalia are provided. A dichotomous key for the male Aguna species for the “claxon group” is also provided.

Description and life history of a new cecidogenous species of Palaeomystella Fletcher (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) from Brazil

ABSTRACTMale, female, pupa, and last-instar larva of Palaeomystella beckeri (Moreira and Basilio) a new species from the Atlantic forest, southern Brazil, are described and illustrated with the aid of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Larvae induce galls on apical branches of Tibouchina trichopoda (DC.) Baill. (Melastomataceae) within which pupation occurs. Gall description and preliminary data on life history are also provided.

External morphology of the adult of Dynamine postverta (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae) and patterns of morphological similarity among species from eight tribes of Nymphalidae

External morphology of the adult of Dynamine postverta (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae) and patterns of morphological similarity among species from eight tribes of Nymphalidae. The external structure of the integument of Dynamine postverta postverta (Cramer, 1779) is based on detailed morphological drawings and scanning electron microscopy. The data are compared with other species belonging to eight tribes of Nymphalidae, to assist future studies on the taxonomy and systematics of Neotropical Biblidinae.

Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) from Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil: 70 years of records with special reference to faunal composition of Vila Velha State Park

Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) from Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil: 70 years of records with special reference to faunal composition of Vila Velha State Park. The municipality of Ponta Grossa has a peculiar ecosystem, originally composed of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and natural isolated fragments of Araucaria forest interconnected by large areas of the steppe phytophysionomy known as the Brazilian "campos" (grasslands). However, both ecosystems have been continually reduced by human occupation, with remnants still found in the Vila Velha State Park, whose floristic composition has been recently related to the Cerrado biome. Few studies have been dedicated to recognize the characteristic fauna of these grasslands and its relationship with other Brazilian vegetation types, which has motivated this study. After gathering information from more than 70 years of collecting in the region, a list of 225 species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) recorded within the municipality is provided, of which 162 are indicator species of forest environments and 53 of open areas. The Vila Velha State Park contributes to the conservation of 65% of the species and its skipper community shows a closer affinity to the Pampas and Cerrado instead of forested habitats. This relation may be attributed to its precise localization between both ecosystems, since geographical distances affect similarities on Hesperiidae assemblages. The flora of Vila Velha can also influence the observed pattern, since a considerably number of species found in the region are also found in Cerrado. Further studies are still required among Brazilian grassland habitats, especially in the Cerrado enclaves within the states of Paraná and São Paulo in attempt to better understand the mechanisms that drive the community dynamics in those areas.

Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil: 70 anos de registros com especial referência à composição faunística do Parque Estadual de Vila Velha. O município de Ponta Grossa se destaca por apresentar originalmente uma paisagem peculiar onde capões isolados de Floresta Ombrófila Mista são interligados por grandes extensões de fitofisionomias estépicas, também denominadas campos. No entanto, ambos os ecossistemas atualmente se encontram altamente ameaçados pela ocupação humana, restando na região o Parque Estadual de Vila Velha, cuja composição florística tem sido recentemente relacionada com o bioma Cerrado. Poucos trabalhos são dedicados à caracterização da fauna dos campos e sua relação com outras fitofisionomias estépicas brasileiras, motivo que suscitou a realização deste estudo. Após reunir informações de coletas realizadas por mais de 70 anos, são listadas 225 espécies de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea) presentes no município, entre elas 162 indicadoras de ambientes florestais e 53 de áreas abertas. O Parque Estadual de Vila Velha contribui para a conservação de 65% delas enquanto sua composição se mostra intimamente relacionada tanto aos Pampas como ao Cerrado, em detrimento de hábitats florestais. Tal relação é dada provavelmente pela localização geográfica de Vila Velha, visto que a similaridade da fauna de Hesperiidae se encontrou influenciada pelas distâncias geográficas das amostras no presente estudo. A flora de Vila Velha também deve afetar diretamente a composição observada de Hesperiidae, uma vez que uma grande parte de suas espécies são também encontradas em áreas de Cerrado. No entanto, estudos em ambientes campestres brasileiros ainda se fazem necessários, especialmente em enclaves de Cerrado no Paraná e em São Paulo, para que se adquira um melhor entendimento da dinâmica de suas comunidades.

Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil / As borboletas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) do Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil

Comprising a natural reserve with 359 ha of "montane forest" inserted on the Brazilian semi-arid, the Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho (PEJVS), locally known as "Brejo dos Cavalos" is currently under high anthropogenic pressure. A list of 197 species of butterflies belonging to six families is presented, being 59 species of Hesperiidae, 4 of Papilionidae, 18 of Pieridae, 17 of Lycaenidae, 12 of Riodinidae and 87 of Nymphalidae. The butterfly community was composed mainly by widespread species commonly found in open habitats. There were also many species typical of forested areas such as Scada karschina delicata Talbot, 1932 (Danainae: Ithomiini), which is an endangered butterfly.

O Parque Ecológico João Vasconcelos Sobrinho (PEJVS), conhecido localmente como Brejo dos Cavalos, é um fragmento de "mata serrana" de 359 ha inserido no semi-árido brasileiro, e que atualmente encontra-se sobre alta pressão antrópica. Uma lista com 197 espécies de borboletas pertencentes a seis famílias é apresentada, sendo 59 espécies de Hesperiidae, 4 de Papilionidae, 18 de Pieridae, 17 de Lycaenidae, 12 de Riodinidae e 87 de Nymphalidae. A fauna é composta principalmente de espécies de áreas abertas e com ampla distribuição geográfica. Entretanto, diversas espécies típicas de áreas florestadas também estão presentes, uma delas, Scada karschina delicata Talbot, 1932 (Danainae: Ithomiini), é uma espécie de borboleta criticamente ameaçada de extinção.

Riqueza de borboletas em dois parques urbanos de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil / Butterflies's richness in two urban parks in Curitiba Parana, Brazil

In order to contribute to the knowledge of butterflies of Curitiba, were studied two urban municipal parks, the Botanical Garden which has total area of 178,000 m² and has a grove of preserved Araucaria forest only for scientific research, and the Municipal Park of Barreirinha which has total area of 275,380 m² and the area used for sampling of free access to population, with predominance of reforested vegetation. After 10 months of sampling, totaling 240 hours, 787 individuals and 166 species were registered, distributed to the families: Hesperiidae - 46 spp. (27.7 percent), Nymphalidae - 75 spp. (45.2 percent), Pieridae - 17 spp. (10.3 percent), Lycaenidae - 13 spp. (7.8 percent), Papilionidae - 8 spp. (4.8 percent) and Riodinidae - 7 spp. (4.2 percent), among which 22 species are new records for Curitiba, belonging to the families: Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Nymphalidae. About the recorded species, only 33 percent are considered common to the parks, Sorensen similarity index of 48 percent confirm that each location has a characteristic lepidopterofauna and distinct from each other.

Com o objetivo de contribuir com o conhecimento das borboletas de Curitiba, foram estudados dois parques municipais urbanos, o Jardim Botânico que possui área total de 178.000 m² e um bosque de Floresta Ombrófila Mista preservada restrito a pesquisa científica, e o Parque Municipal da Barreirinha que possui uma área total de 275.380 m² e a área utilizada para as amostragens de livre acesso a população, com predominância de vegetação reflorestada. Após 10 meses de amostragem, perfazendo 240 horas, foram registrados 787 indivíduos e 166 espécies, distribuídos nas famílias: Hesperiidae - 46 spp. (27,7 por cento), Nymphalidae - 75 spp. (45,2 por cento), Pieridae - 17 spp. (10,3 por cento), Lycaenidae - 13 spp. (7,8 por cento), Papilionidae - 8 spp. (4,8 por cento) e Riodinidae - 7 spp. (4,2 por cento), dentre estas 22 espécies são novos registros para Curitiba, pertencentes as famílias: Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae e Nymphalidae. Das espécies registradas, apenas 33 por cento são comuns a ambos os Parques, sendo que o índice de Similaridade de Sorensen de 48 por cento confirma que cada um dos locais estudados possui lepidopterofauna característica e distinta um do outro.

External morphology of the adult of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]) (Lepidoptera - Papilionidae) III: abdomen

The purpose of this study was to highlight the morphological components of the abdomen of the adults of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]), seeking a comparative focus with other Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. The most relevant morphological characters were: absence of post-espiracular bar in both the sexes, presence of superuncus in the males as a projection of the eighth tergum and saccus with a posterior projection, bursa copulatrix with approximately 2.3 times the length of the ductus bursae in the females.

Borboletas (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) de Guarapuava e arredores, Paraná, Brasil: um inventário com base em 63 anos de registros / Butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) from Guarapuava and vicinity, Paraná, Brazil: an inventory based on records of 63 years

Apesar de estar entre os países com maior diversidade de borboletas, o Brasil possui pouca informação disponível que retrate essa biodiversidade. O Paraná é um dos estados brasileiros com a fauna de Lepidoptera menos conhecida. Apenas Curitiba e arredores possui uma lista de espécies robusta, enquanto as demais regiões paranaenses são desprovidas desse tipo de informação. Com o objetivo de aumentar o conhecimento sobre a fauna de borboletas do Paraná, o presente estudo fornece informações de 63 anos de coletas (1944 a 2002 e 2005 a 2010) em Guarapuava e arredores, região centro-sul paranaense, e indica as espécies características da fitofisionomia Campo Natural, hoje quase extinto nessa região. No total, 689 espécies foram coletadas, dessas 264 espécies estão representadas em apenas um dos períodos amostrais. Cerca de 6 por cento da lista corresponde a espécies de Campo Natural e menos da metade foi encontrada recentemente. As famílias mais similares entre dados pretéritos e atuais foram Pieridae, Nymphalidae e Papilionidae, enquanto Riodinidae, Hesperiidae e Lycaenidae as mais dissimilares. Sugerimos a criação de unidades de conservação permanente que inclua a vegetação Campo Natural, visto que esta apresenta uma fauna peculiar e encontra-se ameaçada localmente, além de não ser protegida por unidades de conservação já estabelecidas na região.

Despite figuring among the countries with high diversity of butterflies, Brazil has little information available of its biodiversity. Paraná is one of brazilian states with the less known lepidopteran fauna. Only Curitiba and vicinity have a list of butterflies species published, while all other Paraná regions lack such information. Aiming to provide new informations about the butterflies fauna in Paraná state, this study compiles information of 63 years of collect (1944 to 2002 and from 2005 to 2010) in Guarapuava and vicinity, south-central Paraná, and emphasizes the typical grassland species, now nearly extinct in this region. Were recorded 689 species, 264 of these were recorded only in one of the sampling periods. About 6 percent are typical grassland species and fewer than half of those were recorded recently. Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Papilionidae latest records are more similar to earlier records than Riodinidae, Hesperiidae, and Lycaenidae. We suggest the creation of permanent conservation areas comprising grasslands, as they encompass a unique fauna and are threatened locally; furthermore, they are not protected by any conservation areas already established in the region.

Lepidopterofauna (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) do Parque Estadual do Chandless e arredores, Acre, Brasil / Lepidopterofauna (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) of the Parque Estadual do Chandless and surroundings, Acre, Brazil

Tendo em vista a ausência de inventários lepidopterológicos no Estado do Acre e sua escassez no bioma amazônico brasileiro, o presente estudo objetivou contribuir para a construção da lista de Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea presentes no Parque Estadual do Chandless, localizado em uma região de difícil acesso e sem infra-estrutura para pesquisa científica. Durante 14 dias foram realizadas coletas com redes entomológicas, armadilhas e técnica de Ahrenholz em diferentes ambientes que caracterizam o parque e seus arredores. Foram identificadas ao total 482 espécies, nenhuma delas presente em listas vermelhas de espécies ameaçadas. É esperado um número significativamente maior de espécies após a adição de novas coletas em outras estações do ano, visto a estimativa Jacknife 1 não atingir sua assíntota, ou mesmo em comparação a inventários em áreas próximas que listam, após um intenso esforço amostral, até cerca de 1700 espécies.

Given the absence of Lepidoptera inventories in the State of Acre and its scarcity in the Brazilian Amazon forest, this study aimed to list the species of Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea present in the Parque Estadual do Chandless and surroundings. The access to the region is complicated and it has no infrastructure for scientific research. During 14 days, the butterflies were collected with entomological nets, traps and Ahrenholz's technique in different environments in the park and its surroundings. A total of 482 species were identified, none of them present in red lists of endangered species. It is expected a significantly greater number of species after the addition of new collections in other seasons, as the Jacknife 1 estimate does not reach its asymptote, or as compared to inventories in nearby areas that list nearly 1700 species after a greater sampling effort.

External morphology of the adult of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]) (Lepidoptera - Papilionidae) II: Thorax and thoracic appendages

The purpose of this study was to highlight the morphological components of the thorax and its appendages of the adults of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]), seeking a comparative focus with other Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. The morphology was studied using illustrations and scanning electronic microscope. The most relevant morphological characters were: membranous patagia on prothorax; anepisternum II fused with the pleural wing process II as a small sclerite dorsal to the katepisternum II; 3A present on the forewing, reaching the inner margin on its proximal third; presence of basalare III "pad" and meral suture on coxa III.

O propósito deste estudo foi evidenciar os componentes morfológicos do tórax e seus apêndices nos adultos de Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]), visando um enfoque comparativo com outros Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea. A morfologia é descrita com ilustrações e fotografias em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Dentre os caracteres morfológicos encontrados, destacam-se: patágia membranosa no protórax, anepisterno II fusionado ao processo pleural da asa II como um pequeno esclerito dorsal ao catepisterno II; 3A presente na asa anterior, alcançando a margem interna em seu terço proximal; presença de "almofada" do basalar III e sutura meral na coxa III.

External morphology of the adult of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]) (Lepidoptera - Papilionidae) I: head, cephalic appendages and cervical region

The purpose of this study was to highlight the morphological components of the head, its appendages and the cervical region of the adults of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]), looking for a comparative focus with the other Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. The most relevant morphological characters were: presence of transclipeal band, laterofacial suture in ventral view near the half of the ocular margin of convex aspect, presence of rudimental maxillary palp; union of the cervical sclerites ventromedially and ventral sclerite situated before the merger of the lateral sclerites.

O propósito deste estudo foi evidenciar os componentes morfológicos da cabeça, seus apêndices cefálicos e da região cervical dos adultos de Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner, [1809]), visando um enfoque comparativo com outros Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea. A morfologia foi descrita através de ilustrações e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Dentre os caracteres morfológicos encontrados destacam-se: presença de banda transclipeal, sutura laterofacial em vista ventral próxima da metade da margem ocular de aspecto convexo e presença de rudimento de palpo maxilar. União dos escleritos cervicais ventromedianamente; esclerito cervical ventral anterior situado anteriormente à união dos escleritos laterais.

Registros inéditos de borboletas (Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea) ameaçadas de extinção para o Estado do Paraná, Brasil: novos subsídios para reavaliação dos critérios de ameaça / Unpublished records of threatened butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) to Paraná State, Brazil: new contributions for the evaluation of threat criteria

Many countries regard the red lists of threatened species as useful tools for promoting the biological conservation. However, little effort has been made to gather base-line information on the presence and distribution of such species, or their conservation. Therefore, the present work provides new records of some threatened butterflies species distributed through Paraná, one of which is already included in the Brazilian red list, and thus complementing the knowledge of geographical distribution and conservation. In total, 15 new records belonging to 8 species are given, confirming past records, or representing new distribution records. The species addressed in our study are: Passova passova practa Evans, 1951 (CR), Zonia zonia diabo Mielke & Casagrande, 1998 (VU - Brazil), Alesa prema (Godart, [1824]) (VU), Symmachia arion (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (VU), Cyanophrys bertha (Jones, 1912) (EN), Euryades corethrus (Boisduval, 1836) (EN), Charonias theano (Boisduval, 1836) (EN), and Pampasatyrus glaucope glaucope (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (VU). Except for Charonias theano and Pampasatyrus glaucope glaucope, all species were recorded on the past three years (2007-2009). Approximately one-half of the records included here correspond to small conservation units located at the northwest and northeast regions of Paraná, while records from central-south region correspond to non-protected areas, specially the endemic grasslands species. From these new data, we suggest the following modifications to threat status: remove P. p. practa, C. bertha and S. arion from the red list. Z. z. diabo should be considered critically endangered (CR), while the status of E. corethrus should be revised to critically endangered (CR). We make no recommendations for change in status for A. prema, P. g. glaucope and C. theano.

Hoje a presença de listas vermelhas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção é comum em muitos países que as julgam necessárias para promover a conservação da natureza. No entanto, poucos esforços vêm sendo realizados com objetivo de resgatar as informações básicas acerca da presença e distribuição dessas espécies, sobretudo sua conservação. Portanto, o presente trabalho fornece novos registros de borboletas consideradas ameaçadas de extinção com distribuição no Paraná, incluindo uma da lista vermelha brasileira e complementando assim o conhecimento de suas distribuições geográficas e estudos de conservação. Ao total, somam-se 15 registros inéditos correspondentes a oito espécies, confirmando a presença onde já havia registros ou adicionando novos registros de distribuição. As espécies abordadas em nosso estudo são: Passova passova practa Evans, 1951 (CR), Zonia zonia diabo Mielke & Casagrande, 1998 (VU - Brasil), Euryades corethrus (Boisduval, 1836) (EN), Cyanophrys bertha (Jones, 1912) (EN), Alesa prema (Godart, [1824]) (VU), Symmachia arion (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (VU), Pampasatyrus glaucope glaucope (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (VU) e Charonias theano (Boisduval, 1836) (EN). Exceto P. g. glaucope e C. theano, todas foram registradas nos últimos três anos. Metade dos registros corresponde a pequenas unidades de conservação do noroeste e nordeste paranaense, enquanto os fornecidos para região centro-sul não estão protegidos, especialmente as espécies endêmicas dos Campos Naturais. A partir dos novos dados, são sugeridas as seguintes alterações na situação de ameaça das espécies: descaracterização dos graus de ameaça de P. p. practa, C. bertha e S. arion. Z. z. diabo deve ser inserida como criticamente em perigo (CR), assim como E. corethrus deveria elevar sua categoria em perigo (EN) para criticamente em perigo (CR). A. prema, P. g. glaucope e C. theano não tiveram as categorias e critérios alterados.

Morfologia, comportamento, parasitismo e mecanismos de defesa dos imaturos de Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner)(Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) / Morphology, behaviour, parasitism and mechanisms of defense of the immatures of Heraclides anchisiades capys (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae)

Heraclides anchisiades capys é uma espécie comum de Papilionidae, cujas larvas se alimentam de várias espécies de Citrus spp. (Rutaceae). Neste estudo são descritas a morfologia e dados sobre a história natural dos imaturos através de ilustrações, incluindo fotografias em microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

Heraclides anchisiades capys is a common species among the Papilionidae, whose larvae feed on various species of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae). In this study the morphology and data on natural history of the immature stages of this species are described with illustrations, including photos in scanning electronic microscope.